Balkans 

The Balkans are one of the most significant biodiversity hotspots in Europe, and dragonflies (order Odonata) are among the most vivid proofs of this. Thanks to its turbulent geological history and the complex interplay of terrain and climate, the peninsula serves simultaneously as a sanctuary, a bridge, and a laboratory for the evolution of these ancient winged predators. 

The biogeographical importance of the Balkans is rooted in its role as a glacial refugium. During the Pleistocene glaciations, when much of Northern and Central Europe was covered in ice, the Balkans maintained a milder climate. This allowed many species to survive and later, after the ice retreated, to recolonize the continent.

Today, about 100 species of dragonflies are found on the peninsula, which is an exceptionally high number for such a territory. They represent a unique mix of several faunistic elements:

• European and Boreal species: Mostly inhabiting high mountain ranges (Rila, Pirin, Shar Mountains, the Dinarides).

• Mediterranean species: Distributed along the valleys of large rivers like the Struma, Vardar, and Maritsa, as well as along the coastlines.

• Irano-Turanian and African migrants: Species penetrating from Asia Minor or even Africa